炎癥小體是一個多蛋白復合物，通常由NLR家族的成員之一，如NLRP3、NLRC4，與接頭蛋白ASC(包含CARD結構域的凋亡相關斑點樣蛋白)，以及Caspase-1前體蛋白這三種分子所組成。天然免疫細胞感受到細胞漿中的病原相關模式分子(PAMP)或危險相關模式分子(DAMP)后，在其細胞漿內開始組裝炎癥小體，進而促進炎癥因子IL-1?和IL-18的釋放，引起快速的炎癥相關細胞死亡，即pyrotosis。
研究最為廣泛的是NLRP3炎癥小體，它可以被很多刺激物誘導形成，包括危險信號(如ATP)、結晶質(如MSU)和微生物毒素(如尼日利亞菌素，即nigericin)。NLRC4(包含Caspase活化及募集結構域的NLR4)/NAIP(神經凋亡抑制性蛋白)炎癥小體是由Salmonella typhimurium(鼠傷寒沙門氏桿菌)、Pseudomonas aeruginosa(綠濃桿菌)等細菌的鞭毛蛋白釋放到細胞質中所引起的。NRLP1炎癥小體則是由Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin(炭疽致死毒素)、Toxoplasma gondii(剛地弓形蟲)、muramyl dipeptide(胞壁酰雙肽)和宿主胞內ATP耗盡等諸多刺激誘導產生的，進而促進Caspase-1的生成。
炎癥小體誘導劑相關產品：
PRODUCT | ORIGIN/DESCRIPTION | GRADE* | WORKING CONCENTRATION | QTY | CATALOG CODE |
INFLAMMASOME INDUCERS |
AIM2 Inflammasome Agonists |
Poly(dA:dT) Naked | Poly(dA-dT)?poly(dT-dA) | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 ng/ml - 1 μg/ml | 200 μg 1 mg | tlrl-patn tlrl-patn-1 |
Poly(dA:dT)/LyoVec | Poly(dA-dT)?poly(dT-dA)/LyoVec? complexes | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 ng - 10 μg/ml | 100 μg | tlrl-patc |
Poly(dA:dT)/Rhodamine | Rhodamine labeled poly(dA-dT)?poly(dT-dA) | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 100 ng - 10 μg/ml | 10 μg | tlrl-patrh |
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PRR Ligands
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PRODUCT | ORIGIN/DESCRIPTION | GRADE* | WORKING CONCENTRATION | QTY | CATALOG CODE |
NLRP1 Inflammasome Inducers |
L18-MDP | Muramyldipeptide with a C18 fatty acid chain | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 1 - 100 ng/ml | 1 mg | tlrl-lmdp |
MDP | Muramyldipeptide (L-D isoform, active) | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 ng - 10 μg/ml | 5 mg | tlrl-mdp |
NLRP3 Inflammasome Inducers |
Alum Crystals | Aluminium potassium sulfate | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 - 200 μg/ml | 1 g | tlrl-alk |
ATP | Adenosine 5’-triphosphate disodium salt | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 5 mM | 1 g | tlrl-atpl |
CPPD Crystals | Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 1 - 50 μg/ml | 5 mg | tlrl-cppd |
Hemozoin | Synthetic heme crystal | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 50 - 400 μg/ml | 5 mg | tlrl-hz |
MSU Crystals | Monosodium urate (uric acid) | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 50 - 200 μg/ml | 5 mg 25 mg | tlrl-msu tlrl-msu-25 |
Nano-SiO2 | Nanoparticles of silica dioxide | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 - 200 μg/ml | 10 mg | tlrl-sio |
Nigericin | Nigericin, sodium salt | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 1 μM | 10 mg 50 mg | tlrl-nig tlrl-nig-5 |
TDB | Synthetic analog of the cord factor | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 1 - 100 μg/ml | 2 mg | tlrl-tdb |
Non-canonical Inflammasome Inducers |
E. coli OMVs??????????? ?NEW?????????? | Purified outer membrane vesicles from E. coli BL21 | TLR2 +/ TLR4 + | 0.2-100 μg/ml | 100 μg | tlrl-omv-1 |
E. coli OMVs InvivoFit?? NEW | Sterile grade of outer membrane vesicles from E. coli | TLR2 +/ TLR4 + | 10-100 μg/mouse | 500 μg | tlrl-omv |
Curdlan | Beta-1,3-glucan from Alcaligenes faecalis | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 0.1 - 100 μg/ml | 1 g | tlrl-curd |
HKCA | Heat-killed Candida albicans | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 108 cells/ml | 109 cells | tlrl-hkca |
Pustulan | Beta-glucan from Lasallia pustulata | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 0.1 - 100 μg/ml | 100 mg | tlrl-pst |
Zymosan Depleted | Hot alkali treated zymosan | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 100 μg/ml | 10 mg | tlrl-zyd |
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